In this work a copper chloride laser has been constructed and the effects of different parameters such as CuCl VAPOR pressure, buffer gas pressure, voltage and frequency on the output power and the ratio of green to yellow power at different buffer gas pressure have been measured. Thus, by optimization of these parameters and by the exact control of the copper chloride VAPOR pressure as a result of increasing the distance between discharge and the lasant, a maximum specific output power of 123 (watt/lit) has been achieved. Based on the previous references, the reported specific output power in this work is the highest one among all of the copper halide LASERS that have been constructed up to now, where the system is operating without any additives, like hydrogen.

In this study, the design and operational performances of a double thyratron, model TGI1 1000/25, connected in parallel to be applied in METAL VAPOR LASERS (MVLs) and their effects on heat dissipation and other limiting factors such as average current ; plate breakdown and anode heating factors; are presented. The sharing frequency between the used thyratrons is the main factor which is used in the applied design. Our measurements for the ohmic and capacitive loads, and also the laser tube with the use of anode tank water temperature measurements to obtain the heat dissipation in two different designs consist of single and double thyratrons configurations show that in the latter design, the average current and the heat dissipation are reduced to their half values compared to those of the former design. With the obtained experimental results, it is possible to apply a number of low power thyratrons in high power MVL LASERS, where their input electric powers are higher than 2.5kW.

Power supplies which are commonly used in pulsed LASERS with the mechanism of electrical pumping are in fact a kind of pulse generator. These systems are of particular importance due to their wide variety of applications, and their use in pulsed LASERS are the most important subject of interest. In this article specifications of a pulsed generator which is designed for METAL VAPOR LASERS such as CVL LASERS will be introduced. Details of the designed circuit, construction, and measurements of the working parameters will be also presented. The maximum output voltage is 10 kV with the pulse width of ~1µsec. The average current is 340 mA and the pulse repetition rate is 29 kHz.

In this study, the design of a low power gold VAPOR laser is presented. The laser tube is an alumina ceramic of cylindrical shape, having the length of 58cm and the inner bore diameter of 11mm. The maximum applied DC voltage is 4.2kV, and the average current is ~ 390mA. The system is operating at the pulse repetition rate of 18.2 kHz, with 40 mbar neon gas pressure. The maximum measured output power in sealed off and gas flow conditions are 710 and 450mW, respectively. The operational behavior of the present system has been compared with that of a copper VAPOR laser of the same dimensions, showing that the power efficiency is much lower in the case of the gold VAPOR laser. While both systems have similar time behavior and introducing similar response to the operational gas pressure, it seems, however, the laser output powers versus the pulse repetition rate are different in each laser. The measured output power versus the neon gas pressure has a maximum at 60 mbar gas pressure with a cutoff which occurs at 170 mbar.

Nowadays the use of implants as an increasing therapy in dentistry and it has become a usual treatment in dental offices. More and more dentists have dental implants included in treatment plans for patients with missing teeth. Therefore is necessary that all dentists know all the possibilities of these treatments. Together with the emergence of dental implants, it is also beginning to see an increase in the onset of LASERS in dentistry.These two new techniques in dentistry can be supplemented because as we will see the use of LASERS in different cases can improve implant treatment.The laser implantology applications can be classified by the time that we are going to use it. We can use it in the first surgical phase, during the second surgical phase or on posterior phases that present some soft tissues or perimplantitis alterations.First surgical stage: In this phase we can use surgical LASERS as Er: YAG and Er, Cr: YSGG to prepare the bone so the implant can be placed. Different studies have demonstrated that it can improve and accelerate the osseointegration, when they are compared with other conventional methods. Lee & cols compared the values of stability implants (ISQ) between the samples one made with laser and the other one with conventional bur technique. They observe that there are no differences.To sum up we can say that on one side we have that the sample of the bone made with Er: YAG or Er, CR: YSGG laser is a reliable one, and does not influence negatively in contact with the bone implant, but there is an increase of the needed time and a risk of nobles injuries (vessels and nerves).On the other side during the first surgical phase it also can be use the low level laser. In different experimental in vitro studies it has been compared how the irradiation with low level laser LLLT during the first surgical implant phase can speed up the wound process producing a biostimulation effect on the osteoblasts.Second surgical stage: Before this treatment can be enforce, the possible effects of the laser on the implant surface have to be established. That is why there is a need to know what are the laser effect on the surface of the implant and also if the temperature of tissues surrounding the implant is increased by the laser irradiation.In reference to the increment of the temperature in numerous studies, there evaluated this increment in function of the used wavelength.LASERS such as Nd: YAG have shown they can produce a thermic damage in the adjacent bone to implants due to a temperature increment, so its use is discouraged in implantology. However Er, Cr: YSGG and Er: YAG laser on the implant surface do not generate a thermic increase as long as is used with refrigeration. Diode laser can increase the temperature above 10oC when is irradiated for more than 10 seconds.In the second-stage surgery of submerged healed implants Er: YAG or Er, Cr: YSGG laser has a successful result, but implants located in aesthetic zone or in areas with insufficient surrounded by keratinizedmucosa it will be a problem. In order to improve these results, we purpose a new technic to improve this procedure so instead to eliminate all the keratinized mucosa, we recommend a rolling-flap, so that the keratinized mucosa in palatine zone can be move to the buccal zone so the keratinized mucosa is preserved to the maximum.